Relationship 关系

Indo-European kinship was originally as complicated as Chinese, but it was gradually simplified and the appellation in modern English is relatively simple.

印欧语的亲属关系原本与汉语一样十分复杂，但后来逐渐简化，现代英语中的称呼较为简单。

In modern English, aunt and uncle are collectively referred to female and male relatives.

在现代英语中，阿姨和叔叔分别统称其中的女性和男性亲戚。

The appellation in Chinese is based on the patrilineal society, where the "tang" is family member of the same surname, which is one's own family; while the "biao" is a relative of a different surname, who is outsider.

汉语称呼是基于父系社会，这里头“堂”者是同姓家属，是自家人；而“表”者则是异姓亲属，是外面人。

Modern English can also express this complex relationship, that is to add "paternal" or "maternal" to show which side this relative belongs to.

现代英语也同样可以表达这复杂的亲戚关系，那就是加注“父”或“母”以显示这亲戚属于哪一方。

祖宗十八代称呼

自己之父：父亲

父亲之父：祖父

祖父之父：曾祖

曾祖之父：高祖

高祖之父：天祖

天祖之父：烈祖

列祖之父：太祖

太祖之父：远祖

远祖之父：鼻祖

父亲之子：儿子

儿子之子：孙子

孙子之子：曾孙

曾孙之子：玄孙

玄孙之子：来孙

来孙之子：坤孙

坤孙之子：仍孙

仍孙之子：云孙

云孙之子：耳孙

家族长辈称呼

父亲的爸爸、妈妈：祖父、祖母

父亲的哥哥、嫂嫂：伯伯、伯母

父亲的弟弟、弟媳：叔叔、婶婶

父亲的姐姐 / 妹妹、姐夫 / 妹夫：姑姑、姑丈

同族与父同辈：堂伯、堂伯母、堂叔、堂婶、堂姑、堂姑丈

同姓与父同辈：宗伯、宗伯母、宗叔、宗婶、宗姑、宗姑丈

母亲的爸爸、妈妈：外公、外婆

母亲的哥哥 / 弟弟、嫂嫂 / 弟媳：舅舅、舅妈

母亲的姐姐 / 妹妹、姐夫 / 妹夫：姨妈、姨丈

丈夫的父母：公公、婆婆

妻子的父母：岳父、岳母

同辈称呼

伯父 / 叔叔的儿女：堂兄弟姐妹

姑姑 / 舅舅 / 姨妈的儿女：表兄弟姐妹

小辈称呼

兄弟的儿女：侄儿、侄女

姐妹的儿女：外甥男、外甥女

Coins 硬币

Singapore

新加坡

Ever thought how many coins can be used for payment at any one time in Singapore?

有没有想过在新加坡一次可以用多少枚硬币付款？

Under the Currency Act (Cap. 69), currency notes and coins issued by Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) are legal tender in Singapore.

根据《货币法》（第69章），新加坡金融管理局（MAS）发行的纸币和硬币在新加坡为法定货币。

As legal tender, they are recognised by law to be valid means for payment.

作为法定货币，它们在法律上是被认可并有效的付款方式。

All coin denominations can be used by a customer to make payment but up to a limit of 20 coins per denomination for each transaction.

客户可以使用任何面额硬币进行付款，但每次交易最多只能用每种面额20枚硬币。

These are known as legal tender limits.

这被称为法定货币限额。

The rationale for having them is to minimise the payee's inconvenience and cost in handling large quantities of low denomination currency, as well as prevent acts of mischief.

设置它们的理由是为了最大程度地减少收款人在处理大量低面额货币时的不便和成本，并防止恶作剧。

A payee is obliged to accept payment up to these limits but may reject payments exceeding these limits.

收款人有义务接受不超过这些限制的付款，但可以拒绝超过这些限额的付款。

350ml - 450ml

Singapore - Health Sciences Authority (HSA)

新加坡 — 卫生科学局

The average adult has four to five litres of blood.

成年人平均有四至五升血液。

During a blood donation, only 10% of the total volume of blood in the body is being drawn.

在捐血时，仅抽取人体总血液量的百分之十。

That is about 350 to 450 ml of blood.

大约是350至450毫升的血液。

The donated plasma will be replenished by the body itself within a few days.

所捐献的血浆将于几天内被身体自行补给。

In 2020, 14 units of blood is needed hourly in Singapore.

在2020年，新加坡每小时需要14单位的血液。

That is 325 units of blood per day or 118,750 units of blood a year.

即每天325单位的血液或每年118,750单位的血液。 

HSA maintains 6 days stock plies of blood supply to ensure adequate blood supply during emergency situation.

卫生科学局维持6天的血液储备，以确保在紧急情况下有足够的血液供应。